What was a defining aim of the Nation of Islam under Malcolm X?

• A. They openly sought separatism and rejected slave surnames, calling themselves X.
• B. They disavowed any educational programs in ghettos.
• C. They promoted racial integration with white communities.
• D. They pursued non-violence as the only tactic for change.

Answer: (A)

The main idea being tested is the Nation of Islam’s emphasis on black self-determination and separation from white society, symbolized by adopting a new surname with an “X” to reject the old, slave-name identity. Under Malcolm X, the movement stressed building independent Black institutions, economic self-reliance, and a strong sense of Black pride, rather than aiming to blend into white America. This is why using the “X” signified breaking away from the past and rejecting assimilation.

Educational programs in ghettos did exist as part of their community uplift efforts, so saying they disavowed such programs isn’t accurate. They did not promote racial integration with whites; the appeal was for separation and self-reliance. And while self-defense was a hallmark of their stance, the idea that non-violence was the only tactic they endorsed isn’t correct for Malcolm X’s period with the organization, which allowed for self-defense as part of empowerment.